Mechanisms of Vulnerability and Resilience to Climate Change in Arctic Wildlife Populations (FutureArcticLives)

The Arctic is experiencing rapid transformation due to climate change, with temperatures rising nearly four times faster than the global average and species turnover projected to be five times greater than global levels. These high rates of change, are driven by Arctic amplification, that has have profound physical and ecological consequences, including sea ice loss, shifting seasonality, altered precipitation patterns, and expanding boreal vegetation. Here, we examine the impacts of climate change on Arctic biodiversity by reviewing 23 years of research on 66 Arctic vertebrate species, including fish, birds, and mammals, that are vital to local communities and ecosystems. Our study focuses on the mechanisms driving species responses to climate-induced changes, such as shifts in distribution, reproduction, and behavior, while identifying key factors contributing to population declines or resilience. We also evaluate the influence of climate pressures, such as sea ice loss, warming temperatures, and changing precipitation patterns, and explore the role of adaptive traits in species' ability to cope with these changes. We summaries the conducted literature research. Current studies are heavily focused on population trends and range shifts, primarily in birds, marine mammals, and economically significant fish species. However, research on life-history traits, phenological changes, physiological responses, and future-oriented scenarios are underrepresented in our literature review. Research on underrepresented species and ecosystems, while integrating long-term ecological data with climate models, will enhance understanding of Arctic biodiversity and inform adaptive management strategies.

Mona Bachmann

Martin Reinhardt Nielsen