Feasibility of Large-Scale Seaward NbS

There are critical knowledge gaps on the feasibility and potential benefits of large-scale seaward NbS for coastal protection. Site specific research on which coastal habitats and species provide protection under which conditions is a priority. (...) In contrast to the landward NbS, the use of seaward NbS for coastal protection is relatively unexplored in terms of practice and planning, although the ability of coastal ecosystems such as kelp forests, seagrass meadows, offshore reefs and mussel beds to reduce current velocities and dampen waves has been well documented.